A B S T R A C T Transformations such as globalization, the contiguity of geographical spaces, as well as developments in the field of military technologies have transformed the issue of defense as the main factor for the survival of countries. Because the transformation from hard to soft war and then the smart war in recent decades has changed the approaches to defense. These transformations have led to the development of discussions about defense purposes. Meanwhile, Middle East countries have a prominent position and importance in terms of defense due to their special conditions. This article has tried to investigate the basic dimensions affecting the defense of foreign countries with descriptive and analytical methods, using library and field findings and Smart-PLS software. The results of the current research show that the effective components in the current research include 130 items that are placed in the form of 15 dimensions. The importance of these dimensions in defense of the Middle East countries is, respectively, geopolitical dimension with a 0.43 score, military dimension with a 0.41 score, economic dimension with a 0.41 score, political dimension with a 0.39 score, hydrology dimension with a 0.34 score, security dimension with a 0.32 score, social dimension with a 0.29 score, demographic dimension with a 0.28 score, cultural dimension with a 0.26 score, scientific-health dimension with a 0.25 score, geomorphological dimension with a 0.25 score, mathematical dimension with a 0.2 score, climatic dimension with a 0.2 score, biological dimension with a 0.2 score and soil dimension with a 0.18 score. Extended Abstract Introduction Security and defense are among the most vital issues for the preservation and survival of countries. In fact, defense and military affairs are necessary for countries' independence and political, cultural and economic development. Among them, geography and political geography are prominent fields that directly affect defense issues. Actions taken by a country in dimensions (political, military, economic, etc.) in order to maintain security and territorial integrity, guarantee independence and protection of its people against any enemy attack, will organize the geographical (spatial) environment, wise and appropriate distribution of critical places and sensitive centers and infrastructures are identified by taking into account the threats and the correct use of environmental capacities in political, economic, social, cultural, etc. dimensions, and as a result, it can lead to stability and stability in the country's geographical space. The design of defense planning model according to the economic, cultural, political and environmental features in the new era when countries are facing external and internal threats as a sub-branch of territorial planning has received the attention and importance of officials and governance systems in order to be able to reduce these threats with accurate and systematic planning in the geographical space, defense planning is not separate from the flow of national and regional planning. It is important to pay attention to it based on the type and amount of external and internal threats to governance. Due to the expansion of the security circle, the government is not only responsible for creating military security. However, it must also exercise part of its authority in the direction of territorial management. On the other hand, there has been a transformation in the form of threats and wars based on changes and the movement from hard to soft war and finally, smart war is the basis for reviewing and recognizing the components that can be used in defense of countries, including the Middle East countries, have a prominent position and importance. Despite the internal differences between countries, the Middle East has commonalities and connections that can directly affect the overall defense of this geographical space.   Methodology In terms of type and purpose, the current research is fundamentally applied. Also, it is descriptive and analytical in terms of nature. This research, in addition to the correct and realistic depiction of the defense situation of the Middle East countries, it is tried to provide a suitable model for the defense of the countries. The sources used in the current research are library and field sources (questionnaires). According to the subject of the current research, the statistical population of this research is a collection of people, experts and elites who have sufficient knowledge, experience and expertise regarding the research topic, which is the design of the defense model, according to the nature of the Delphi pattern model, at least the statistical population based on the sources should be between twenty and fifty people to reach statistical saturation. The number of selected samples included 51 people who were identified in the form of a non-random sampling pattern and introduced as a statistical sample in the framework of the Delphi model. Due to the qualitative nature of this research, it has been tried to use the Delphi model in the framework of the targeted non-random model. Therefore, based on these cases, the current research has selected the maximum statistical population of 51 elites, experts, and opinionated people in this field. In this research, to evaluate the research hypotheses in the form of the hardness equations model, the partial least squares method and the SMART-PLS software, which is a variance-based path modeling technique and provides the possibility of checking the theory and metrics simultaneously, have been exerted.   Results and discussion In this research, approaches such as political, military, cultural, etc., in the field of land use have been discussed. In the meantime, the defense of countries as an emerging approach is significant. According to the developments in geographical spaces, such as the evolution of military-defense technologies, the connection of geographical spaces to each other and most importantly, the movement from hard and soft war to smart war has witnessed a transformation and wide attention in a way that countries are suited to these developments are trying to prepare the geographical space of their country in terms of defense. Therefore, the defense planning of the Middle East countries as a geographical region has great importance from a geopolitical and strategic point of view, which indicates that the countries of this region face threats and complex defense-security issues in different ways.   Conclusion The results of the present research show that the defense planning in developing countries should be considered according to their characteristics, considering all 15 dimensions, which include 130 components. In the design of the defense planning of these countries, attention should be paid to the weight and importance of the shaping dimensions. In general, it can be said that the defense planning of the Middle East countries is proportional to the geographical features of these countries and on the other hand, considering the developments in the field of threats and moving from hard to smart war, 15 dimensions should be considered for the defense of these countries.   Funding There is no funding support.   Authors’ Contribution Authors contributed equally to the conceptualization and writing of the article. All of the authors approved thecontent of the manuscript and agreed on all aspects of the work declaration of competing interest none.   Conflict of Interest Authors declared no conflict of interest.   Acknowledgments  We are grateful to all the scientific consultants of this paper.

IntroductionSome urban spaces, due to their structural and social features, create situations in which criminals are encouraged to commit crimes. Although in these spaces, the rate of crimes may be low, these spaces induce the sense of defenseless to citizens and give rise to the sense of unsafety and fear among people. As a result, the use of such spaces decrease gradually and their emptiness results in the situations that are proper for committing crimes. This fact is more probable in central and worn areas due to the dominant physical and social conditions in these areas. These areas are known as “ defenseless spaces” , which are prone to crimes more than other urban spaces. Factors such as the emptiness of the environment, chaos, and weariness lead to the creation of such unsafe spaces. On the other word, these are spaces that do not have any positive effects on the surrounding environment as well as the people who use them. Urban defenseless spaces are areas that according to their physical properties, they are more suitable spaces for committing crimes relative to other urban areas. These spaces often do not belong to any body and even if they have proprietress, they are abandoned. Urban defenseless spaces are so important in urban studies due to their numerous effects on the urban lives especially their effect on the creation of fear and unsafety. So, performing systematic research in this field develops new insights. Harandi neighborhood in the central area of Tehran faces with different types of physical and social problems. So, these problems are effective in creating defenseless spaces in this neighborhood. In order to investigate defenseless spaces in Harandi neighborhood, the safety audit model was used. ...

Aim: The aim of this study was to compare the parent-adolescent perception about the flexibility of family boundaries based on development. Methods: this research was done by qualitative research method and phenomenological approach. By convenience sampling, 10 girl adolescents aged from 15 to 17 and their mothers aged 37 to 55 were selected and their perceptions of family boundaries were studied by deep semi-structured interviews. Then the data were classified and coded and the results were expressed by validity report method. Findings: the analysis of participants’ experiences leaded to three main themes which include flexibility, lack of flexibility and exorbitant flexibility of family boundaries from parents and their adolescents’ point of view. Also from each of the three themes above, 14, 5 and 1 sub-themes in parents and 3, 5 and 6 sub-themes in adolescents were gained. Conclusion: the results showed that according to the in transition context of the society of Iran, none of the two conditions of lack of flexibility and exorbitant flexibility can meet the adolescents’ needs and protect the basic security of family. Hence it seems essential for the officials of mental health, to make parents aware of how to balance the boundaries inside the family. Also conducting negotiations on family rules and the compliance of parents on the boundaries were the preventing factors of problems in families with flexible boundaries, that ignoring them in families with strict or permissive boundaries causes dissatisfaction in adolescents and makes the basic safety of family at risk.

Introduction: Performance assessment in any management is a key step in continuous improvement. While occupational safety and health management has been in place for several years, the question of how to control and evaluate the performance of this system still remains. Safety management needs to focus on predictive indicators, rather than on retrospective indicators focused on failure. The Safety Scorecard tool is designed to facilitate decision support and has the ability to integrate performance metrics with advanced metrics. The gas industry is considered a critical industry from the HSE perspective due to the quality and quantity of materials used and having three characteristics of high complexity, low flexibility and high vulnerability. Methods: Following interviews with 6 experts from the provinces of Tehran province and also 4 HSE physicians who all had a master's degree and at least 20 years of experience in their field of work and HSE, general criteria and indicators affecting occupational health safety In Tehran Gas Supply Company, obtaining and using a questionnaire in comparison with a couple, the prioritization index was done based on the ANP model and using the opinions of experts. Then, by designing and completing the safety score card in the sample units, the performance of occupational safety and health in Tehran Gas Supply Company was assessed. The model presented in this research was implemented in Tehran Province Gas Department in 7 regions, which were finally compared with each other. Results: Among the 8 performance indicators approved by experts, the occupational hazards analysis report index with a weight of 0.229 was in the first priority and the incident analysis index with a weight of 0.049 was in the eighth priority. Therefore, there is a need to create a strong mechanism for recording, analyzing and learning about all accidents and quasi-accidents. By designing the safety score card method, 7 units of the company were compared in terms of safety and occupational health performance during December 2017-2019. In the first year, case study 6 with a score of 5.6, more appropriate situation and case study 3 with a score of 0.048 Performance was more challenging and in the second year, case study 1 with a score of 4.08 had a more appropriate situation and case study 2 with a score of 6.66 had a more challenging situation. Therefore, the existence of continuous HSE monitoring system in the regions is very necessary and the performance of the regions has improved a lot after the presence of HSE observers. Conclusion: Finally, a model of safety scorecard that integrates management indicators at different levels of an OHS management system, along with the implementation method of scoring safety cards, was proposed for Tehran Gas Supply Company. The model presented in this study includes action and response indicators, has the ability to monitor the performance of occupational safety and health management and helps managers and health and safety experts in industries and organizations to evaluate the effectiveness of this system.